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Gastrointestinal
Each protocol puts red flags first, then walks through treatment step by step with the medicines for each step.
Acute Cholecystitis
Severe colicky right upper abdominal pain radiating to the right shoulder, with a positive Murphy's sign. Treat with an injectable NSAID and antispasmodic, then refer to a surgeon.
Acute Gastroenteritisدست اور الٹی
Vomiting, loose stools and abdominal cramps from viral or bacterial causes. Assess hydration, correct with IV fluids if needed, and give antibiotics only for the listed indications.
Acute Hepatitisیرقان
Fever, jaundice and vomiting with right hypochondrial tenderness. Supportive care with IV dextrose, L-ornithine L-aspartate, antipyretic and antiemetic.
Anal Fissureبادی بواسیر
Painful defecation with bleeding per rectum after a history of constipation. Per rectal examination (PRE) is contraindicated.
Constipationقبض
Passage of hard stools or difficult defecation. Check for red-alert signs before treating with lifestyle changes and laxatives.
GERD (Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux Disease)سینے کی جلن
Burning chest pain worse on leaning forward or after food, with excessive salivation and hiccups. Always be vigilant about chest pain and rule out a cardiac cause.
GI and Liver Notes: Vomiting, Oesophagitis, PU, Bleeding, IBD, Cirrhosis, Hepatitis (Note Sheet)
Compact notes on common GI and hepatology conditions with drugs and brands. Only legible content is recorded; verify before use.
Gastritis and Peptic Ulcer Disease (including H. pylori)معدے کی سوزش / السر
Epigastric pain with vomiting. Check hydration, give IV fluids, a prokinetic and a PPI; test for H. pylori in recurrent cases and eradicate if positive.
Haemorrhoids (Piles)خونی بواسیر
Painless bleeding per rectum with a history of constipation; DRE shows a tortuous, dilated venous mass.
Hepatitis Cہیپاٹائٹس سی
Blood-borne viral infection causing chronic liver disease. Pakistan has one of the highest burdens worldwide (genotype 3 most common), and modern oral antivirals cure over 95% of patients.
Hiccupsہچکیاں
Hiccups are commonly associated with acid peptic disease (APD). Baclofen is the drug of choice.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)آئی بی ایس
Recurrent abdominal pain with constipation-predominant or diarrhoea-predominant bowel habit, triggered by stress and meals, with unremarkable examination.